Due to the rapid growth of the Internet, users change their preference from traditional shopping to the electronic commerce. Instead of bank/shop robbery, nowadays, criminals try to find their victims in the cyberspace ...

The Artificial Immune System (AIS) is a computational intelligence method inspired from the human immune system, which is applied to real-world problem solving related to classification, optimization and anomaly detection ...

Development of the recognition of rare plant species will be advantageous in the fields such as the pharmaceutical industry, botany, agricultural, and trade activities. It was also very challenging that there is diversity ...